Quote

MEDICAL ASSISTANT

The body of structural unit (cells ;tissues;organs;systems)

cells (the smallest unit in the body )

       (perform all 9 life processes --absorption(ingestion);digestion(breaking down protocol),assimilation(process of using material);respiration(use O2/CO2);excretion(eliminate waste);secretion(segregation);motion (activate);irritability(to respond to stimuli);reproduction(formation a new cell and new individual)
       (3basic structure of cell---nucleus;cytoplasm;cell membrane)(the building material is protoplasm)

       Nucleus--(specialise mass at protoplasm,located near the center of the cell)(contains chromosomes which contain partial genes,the genes contains DNA)(the number of chromosomes in the cell depends on the spices,in human 46or 23pairs)(regular/control activity;repair/directs cell group;reproduction;responsible for cell)(mitosis--continuous process;meiosis--division of cells reproduced system,chromosome function of ova and sperm reduce 23 )

       CYTOPLASM---potion of the cell protoplasm,outside the  nucleus (secretion;absorption;conduction;nutrient;execrate waste)

       CELL MEMBRANE-----the outer wall of the cell to separate from the surrounding fluids;(largest cell --ovum,the smallest cells---sperm)(oxygen passes into cell wall dissolved into fluid)

       GENETICS-----DNA----thread like practical cell chromosomes;contribute genotype(gender type)and phenotype(physical type);(1pair for sex chromosome,22 pairs are auto-chromosomes)(chromosome 21 defect was called 'down syndrome' extra 1 chromosome)

                                         

                                                 REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

function:provide continuity of species

9steps:occur at cellular level was process of cell division;garnets(formation of specialize sex cells);meiosis(cell division process);meiosis produces cells ;fusion of two garnets(sperm+ovum);sexual intercourse(transfer from male to female;sperm swim to ovum that has been release from ovary;fuses together;form zygote;

 

                                                  MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM(MRS)

1.pair of testis(gonads)---produce sperm and testosterone ,they are located sac (scrotum);(sperm produced at a temperature slightly less 96.8;testosterone(hormone produce as puberty which maintain male characteristics .)

2.epididymis ----hold sperm; convoluted 15inch-20 in length

3.vas deferens---- a passage way for sperm; 2 inch long begins at the tail of epididymis,(vasectomy cause sterility)
4.ejaculatory ducts----transports seamen & urine;pair ducts between seminal vesicles and urethra;

5.seminal vesicles----nourish sperm;secrete simple sugar substance.

6.prostate gland----moisture of the sperm;donate shape ,with urethra in the center.

7.Cowper's gland---produce alkaline to neutralize access the urine and clean the urethra

8.penis----prepuce,foreskin circumcision

                                                    female reproduction system

1.pair of ovaries--gonads,store/release ova;located lateral pelvis,400,000 ova in life time ,every 28 days from puberty untill menopause;ovary secrete estrogen,for female sex characteristics development.

2.pair of fallopian tubes---provide place for fertilization;5days ovum to travel from the tube to the uterus.

3.uterus---womb,reproduction;hallow pear shape muscular ,lower end called cervix,upper portion is called fundus where above the entrance to fallopian tubes.

4.vagina---- 3-5inch length attach cervix to the external genitalia (labia minora/labia majora)(clitoris is located at the top of the labia minora)(perineum is areas between vagina and anus,episiotomy)(alimentary canal the tubular passage that extends from mouth to anus)

5.mammary glands --breast,provide milk;dense fatty tissue,milk ducts,blood vessels ;(hormone prolactin stimuli after birth

                                                                 TISSUES

                                               NERVE,EPITHELIAL,CONNECTIVE,MUSCLE

NERVE----nerve tissue co-organize the moving parts of the body; make up encephalon,it is found brain,spinal cord,nerves;

              NERVOUS SYSTEM---cell of the nervous are called neurons;conduct impulses to the nucleus ,cytoplasm,and cell membrane;

                                           DENDRITES(receives the impulses and trans-mated to the axon) & AXONS(passed on to the other neuron muscle or gland);

                                           CNS(Central nervous system;brain---spinal cord)PNS(peripheral nervous system,cranial spinal cord)                                           

EPITHELIAL---cover the ultra service of the body and most of internal organ ;protection from bacteria;secretion through ducts into cells;absorption (in small intestine);filtration in the circularly system.

CONNECTIVE ---- supporting connecting structure of the body (it is well supply blood vessel)

MUSCLE-----provide movement skeletal;visceral;cardiac;

                  skeletal:are attach to the bone ;form the wall of the abdominal and pelvis fallopian

                  visceral:smooth muscle which line internal organs

                  cardiac heart

                  (600 more muscles in the human body ,some working in pair called FLEXOR and EX-TENSOR(they opposed each other; most muscle are not inserted directly to the bone but through a tough fibrous cord known as TENDON (tendon vary in length from inch to foot)

BONES---- supporting structure of the body,a joint framework of bones called skeleton .(body movement;support for surrounding structure;manufacture RBC;storage for mineral salts.)(206bones for adult 276for infant)(calcium&phosphorus are stored in the bones,a deficiency calcium and phosphorus are called SPASM;in all the skeleton muscle which as known is TETANY;cardiac arrhythmia's;and in coagulation of the blood;fracture is breaking bone )(long bone;short bone flat bones ;irregular; seasamoid---knee)

                                                        MUSCLE 'S NAME

DELTOID ; RHOMBOIDEUS MAJOR;TRAPEZIUS;LATISSIMUS DORSI;GLUTEUS MEDIUS;GLUTEUS MAXIMUS;ADDUCTOR MAGNUS;GRACILIS;SOLEUS;CALCANEAL TENDON;PERONEUS LONGUS;GASTROCNEMIUS;BICEPS FEMORIS;SEMIMEMBRANOSUS;SEMITENDINOSUS;TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE;EXTENSOR DIGITORUM;TRICEPS BRACHII;TERES MAJOR;TERES MINOR;INFRASPINATUS;SUPRASPINATUS;CUT EDGE OF TRAPEZIUS;TRAPEZIUS;BICEPS BRACHII;SERRATUS ANTERIOR;BRACHIORADIALIS;TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE;SARTORIUS;GASTROCNEMIUS;TIBIALIS ANTERIOR;VASTUS LATERALIS;RECTUS FEMORIS;VASTUS MEDIALIS;GRACILIS;ADDUCTOR MAGNUS;ADDUCTOR LONGUS;LLIOPSOAS;EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE;LINEA ALBA;BRACHIALIS;PECTORALIS MAJOR;

                                                    BONE'S NAME

SKULL;CLAVICLE;STERNUM;RIBS;COXAE;PHALANGES;METATARSALS;TARSALS;FIBULA;TIBIA;PATELLA;FEMUR;METACARPALS PHALANGES;CARPALS;ULNA;COCCYX;SACRUM;LUMBAR VERTEBRAE;RADIUS;HUMERUS;SCAPULA;THORACIC VERTEBRAE;VERTEBRAL COLUMN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE;

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE(C1-C7)THORACIC VERTEBRAE(T1-T12) LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (L1-L5)SACRUM.COCCYGEAL VERTEBRAE;
                                                           JOINT

GLIDING(vertebrae);BALL AND SOCKET(hip and should);HINGE(knee and elbow);PIVOT(wrist and head);ELLIPSOID(waist)saddle(thumb and ankle);FIBROUS(SKULL)CARTILAGINOUS(pelvis girdle)

 

                                                           BRAIN

CEREBRUM(largest portion,reasoning,memory,thought,speaking,sensation;CVA---stroke, cerebrum vascular accident);CEREBELLUM(smaller one,posture balance coordinates,the muscular movements of the body;PARKINSON'S DISEASE);BRAIN STEM (passage way for impulse conduction between the brain and spinal cord(autonomic),breathing,heartbeat,movement,intestine) 

                                                           SENSORY ORGAN

                                                           SKIN

the largest organ of the body.Its medical name is INTEGUMENT.it included 3 layer:epidermis(water proof and contained no blood vessels;melamine contained in this layer) ;dermis(fiber which allowed the skin to stretch ,aging will lose dermis so cause wrinkles);subcutaneous(cushion);sensation(pain ,pressure touch temperature ),protection,thermal regulation;secretion

                                                            EAR

                                                 

OUTER EAR (cartilage,catch sound direct them inward)

AURICLE(pinna)--- fleshy outer area of the ear

EXTERNAL---passageway leading to the eardrum,containing fine hairs and wax

AUDITORY CANAL--- producing glands that filter out foreign substances.

MIDDLE EAR(tympanum,thin membrane covered on the outside with skin on the inside with mucous membrane)

OSSICLES--- three small bones connecting the eardrum to the inner ear.

MALLEUS(hammer)--- connected to the eardrum ,the largest of the ossicles.

INCUS(anvil)---connects the malleus to the innermost bone ,the stapes.

STAPES--- stirrup-shaped bone attached to the inner ear,the smallest bone in the body

MASTOID PROCESS--- small spaces in the bones behind the middle ear that connect next with the inner ear.

EUSTACHIAN TUBE---connects the nasal cavity in the back of the throat with the middle ear.

INNER EAR

VESTIBULE--- contains the semicircular canals and controls balance.

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS---- three structures containing nerve fivers that transmit information to the brain.

COCHLEA spiral- shaped structure that contains hearing receptors.

AOM---acute otitis media

 

                                                               EYE

AMD---age-related macular degeneration  (antioxodant vitamins(C,E,beta carotene) and zinic help to reduce the impact of the AMD.)

SLERA---white outer membrane of the eye,helps the eye to keep its shape

CORNEA---exposed and transparent portion of the eye

CHOROID ---layer of tissue

IRIS---colored ring containing two sets of muscles that control the size of the pupil and the mount of light admitted through it

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS----lbehide the pupil that serve to hold the lens

CILIARY MUSCLES--- control the shape of the lens

AQUEOUS HUMOR----fluid located behind the lens  that keeps the eyeball firm

UITREOUS HUMOR----behind the lens that keeps the eyeball firm

RETINA---light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye

OPTIC NERVE---at the back of the eye,transmits visual images to the brain

Eye is located the bones orbital cavity and skull.included 3 layers:sclera;choroid;retina.cones(allows our to see colour )/rods(black and white).optic disc---no rods and cones ,so called "the blank spot"

 

                                                               GLAND

hypothalamus----releasing and inhibiting hormones.

                        target tissue:anterior lobe of pituitary gland.

anterior lobe of pituitary---GH(growth hormone),stimulates growth by promoting proteun synthesis

                         target tissue:all body

                                     TSH(thyroid-stimulating hormone),increase secretion of thyroid hormone,increases  the size of the thyroid gland.target tissue:thyroid glnd

                                     ACTH(adrenicirticotropic hormone),increases gluco-cortucoids.target tissue:adrenal cortex

                                     FSH(folilicle-stimulating hormone),follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in the femal spermatogenesis in the male. target tissue:ovarian follicles in the female,seminiferous tubules of testis in male

                                      LH(luteinzing hormone orinterstital cell-stimulating hormone in males),ovulation progesterone production in female,testosterone production in male. target tissue:ovary/testis

                                      prolactin,milk,mammary gland

posterior lobe pituitary-----ADH(antidiuretic hormone),increases water water reabsorption,kidney

                                     oxytocin,increases uterine contraction,stimulates ejection of milk from mammary gland

thyroid gland-----throcine and triocothyronine,increases metabolic rate;essential for normal growth and development;target tissue:most body cells

                        calcitonin,decreases blood calcium by inhibiting bone breakdown and release of calcium;antagonistic to parathyroid hormone;target tissue:primarily bone

parathyroid gland----PTH(parathyroid hormone),increases blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown and realeasing calcium lost in urine.

adrenal cortex----mineralocorticoids----,increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in kidney tubules;secondarily increases water retention;target tissue:kidney

                         glucocorticoids,-----increases blood glucose levels;inhibits inflammation and immune response;target tissue:most body tissue

                         androgens and estrogens----secreted in small amounts ;target tissue:most body tissue

adrenal medulla----epinephrine norepinephrine----helps cope with stress,increases heart rate and blood pressure,increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, increases blood glucose level. target tissue:heart,blood vessels liver adipose

pancreas(islets of langerhans)----glucogon---increases breakdown of glycogento increase blood glucose levels,target tissue:liver

                                              insulin--- decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake and utilization of glucose by cells ,stimulates glucose storage as glycogen and production of adipose .target tissue:liver skeletal muscle adipose,

teses----testosterone----maturation and maintenance of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics target tissue:most body cells

ovaries-----estrogens----maturation and maintenance of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics menstrual cycle.target tissue:most body cells

Gland ductless as a part if endocrine system.9 glands .gland produced hormones which are secreted directly into bloodsteam;endocrine system secrets the hormone and nervous system controls the a mount to be release.

 

                                                        BODY AREA TERMS

abdominal---portion of the trunk.below the diaphragm,betweenthe thorx and pelvis.

mammary---breast

antebrachial---cubital region.between elbow and wrist.

occipital---lower portion of the back of head

ophthalmic---eye

antecubital---front of elbow

oral---mouth

otic---ears

axillary---armpit area

palmar--- palm of hand

brachial---portion of the upper limb

pectoral---chest 

pedal---foot

buccal---cheek

pelvic---inferior region of the abdominopelvic cavity

carpal---wrist

celiac---abdomen

perineal---anus and pubic symphysis(includes of the region of the wxternal reproductive organs

cephalic---head

cervical---neck

costal---ribs

cranial---skull

plantar---sole

popliteal---behind the knee

cubital---elbow and wrist

cutaneous---skin

sacral---posterior between the hipbones

sternal---anterior midline of the thrax

femoral---thigh,lower extremity,between the hip and the knee

tarsal---ankle and instep of the foot

frontal---forehead

thoracic---chest

gluteal---buttock

inguinal---depressed between the abdomen and the thigh,groin.

umbilical---navel,middle of the abdomen

leg--- lower extremity between the knee and the foot(called crural region)

vertebral---pertauning to the spinal coloumn,backbone

lumbar---lower back and side between the lowest rib and the pelvis.

                                                        reginal subdivisions of abdominopelvic cavity

right hypochondriac region(RHR)

RIGHT LUMBAR REGION(RLR)

RIGHT ILIAC REGION(RIR)

EPIGASTRIC REGION

UMBILICAL REGION

HYPOGASTRIC REGION

LEFT ILIAC REGION

LEFT LUMBAR REGION

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

 

                                                       TYPES OF PHYSICIANS

ALLERGIST

ANESTHESIOLIGIST---ADMINISTERS ANESTHETICS DURING SURGERY

CARDIOLOGIST

DERMATOLOGIST

ENDOCRINOLOGIST---GLANDULAR DISORDERS

GASTROENTEROLOGIST---THE SPECIALIST IN THE DISORDERS IF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

HEMATOLOGIST OR ONCOLOGIST----BLOOD AND CANCER SPECIALIST

MEDICAL INTERNIST---PHYSICIAN PRACTICING NONSURGICAL ,ADULT MEDICINE

NEPHROLOGIST---KIDNEY

NEUROLOGIST---BRAIN AND NERVOUS

OBSTETRICIAN OR GYNECOLOGIST---CHILDBIRTH AND WOMEN 'S DISEASES

OPHTHALMOLOGIST---EYE

ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON---SPECIALIST WHO PERFORMS SURGERY ON BONES AND JOINTS

OTOLARYNGOLOGIST---SPECIALIST IN THE TREATMENT OF EYE EAR NOSE AND THROAT

OTOLOGIST---EAR

PATHOLOGIST---SPECIALIST IN THE CAUSES OF DEATH

PEDIATRICIAN---SPECIALIDT IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDTREN

PLASTIC SURGEON---SPECIALIST IN THE TREATMENT OF SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE DEFORMITIES.

PODIATRIST---FOOT SPECIALIST

PSYCHIATRIST---OHYSICIAN SPECIALIZING IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

RADIOLOGIST---SPECIALIST IN THE USE OF X-RAY AND RADIUM THERAPY

RHEUMATOLOGIST---SPECIALIST IN DISORDERS INVOLVING CONNECTIVETISSUE SUCH AS JOINTS AND MUSCLES.

THORACIC SURGEON---SPECIALIST IN SURGERY ON THE CHEST AND LUNGS

VASCULAR SURGEON---SPECIALIST IN SURGERY ON THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS.

UROLOGIST---SPECIALIST IN THE TREATMENT OF THE URINARY TRACT.

                                                     BODY CAVITIES

THORACIC CAVITY

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

PELVIC CAVITY

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

VENTRAL CAVITY

DORSAL CAVITY

                                                    BODY POSITION

PRONE(FACE DOWN,exam back and hips)----SUPINE(FACE UP,breast,head ,neck,vhest,abdomen,extremity)

DORSAL RECUMBENT(FACE UP,searching urinary passage;rectal and vaginal exams)----KNEE CHEST(FACE DOWN,rectum and sigmoid coiling)

LITHOTOMY(LEG UP,pevical ,pap test;rectal )

SEMI-FOWLERS(upper body of exam,dyspnea)

FOWLERS

SIMS(called left laterial,rectal amd rectal temperature)

trendelenburg (upside down,shock)

                                                   PULSE POINTS

most strongly is superficial artery is held against a firm tissue like bone

TEMPORAL(HEAD)

CAROTID(NECK,carduac arrest;individual monitor during exercise)

APICAL(HEART,infant ,3years olld ;5th intercostal)

BRACHIAL(UPPER ARM;vardiac arrest)

RADIAL(WRIST,below thumb)

ULNAR(bleow little finger)

FEMORAL(GROIN;cardiac arrest)

POPLITEAL(BEHIND KNEE)

DORSALIS PEDIS(UPPER PEDAL)

                                                   VITAL SIGN(CARDIAL SIGNS)

                                                          BASE LINE

HYPOTHALAMUS(TRIGGER TEMPERATURE)

RADIATION,CONDUCTION,CONVECTION

NORMAL RANGE:97*-99*

LOWER FEVER 99*-100.4*

FEVER,PYREXIA 100.4*

HYPERPYREXIA 105.8*

FATAL HIGH 109.4*

FATAL LOW 93.2*

FAHRENHEIT-----CELSIUS   (C*9/5)+32=F

                                      (F-32)*5/9=C

PULSE NORMAL RANGE:60-100

TACHYCARDIA 100 ABOVE

BRADYCARDIA 60 BELOW

 

extermal resporation---between alveolus of the lungs and blood

interal respiration---between cell and blood

eupnea---even regular

hypopnea---during sleep

hypoxia---lack of oxygen

apnea---4-6minutes to brain damage or death

AVEOLUS---- A SAC OF LUNG

MEDULLA OBLEGATA (TRIGGER BREATHING)

RESPIRATORY NORMAL RANGE 16-20

TACHYPNEA 20 ABOVE

BRADYPNEA 16 BELOW

RESPIRATION*4= PULSE

 

NORMAL RANGE OF BLOOD PRESSURE 110/60-140/90(120/80)

HYPERTENSION 140/90 (effect vital organ :heart,brain,kedney)

HYPOTENSION 90/60

PULSE PRESSURE NORMAL 40  (SYSTOLIC PRESSURE-DIASTOLIC PRESSURE)

 

pound(lb)/2.2=kilogram    kg*2.2=lb

inches *2.5=centimeter   cm/2.5=in

 

T-P-R-B/P order to be recorded

elder has lower temperature by lose of subcuteneous fat and lack of excerise

infants and young children have higher body temperature by thermp regulartary system not fully develop

pregnancy cell metaoblism increases journey which increases body temperature

4 sites:PO(ORAL),place each side of frenulumlinguae R(RECTAL),to young children also unconcious patient,1* higher than oral site,A(AXILLARY),1* lower by mouth,AU(AURAL)

 

Heart contracts blood is forced into Aorta,blood in Aorta expand;when heart relaxes ,the Aorta returns;Aorta sents virbration through the arterial system,this is called pulse.volum refers to the stregth of the beat,if blood volum decreases,the pulse is weak,this type of pulse called theady.(otherwise called bounding pluse)

 

easy to breathing at siting  or standing postion called orthopnea .(this is a common symptom as congestive heart failture(CHF)).

 

mmhg(millimeter mercury);sphgmomanometer should be 20%wider than dialimter to ensure accure reading ;korotkoff sound heard through stethoscope;

 

types of exams:palpation ;auscultation;inspection;percussion,mensuration;manipulation

 

                                                       patient right

considerate and respectful care

obtain from current information and expected to understand

informed consent should include knowledge of the proposed procedure,along with its risks and probable duration of incapacitation .information regarding medically significant alternatives.

refuse treatment

discussion ,consultation ,examination and treatment should be conduct discretely.

confidential

expect the response to his request for services.

to obtain information as to any relationship of his hospital to other health care and educational institutions,insofar as his care is concerned.

to be advised,and has right to refuse to participate in such research projects

expect reasonable continuity of care

examine and receive an explanation of his bill

right to know what hospital rules and regulations apply to his conduct as a patient

 

                                                   CHARTING

A legal document,is to be written black/blue ink ,NO ERASING,when correction to be made,one line is draw through the entry and date,signature.

3 type of entries:source entry----record continues a cholologic order with current date for each entry.

                        SOAP------subjective(patients complain);objective (doctor examination);assessment(diagnosis);plan(treatment).

                        POMA------problem;oriented; medical ;records

7parts of health history:introductory data;chief complain(cc);present illness(PI);past history(PA);family history(FH); social history/occupation history(SH/OH);review of systems(ROS);

BEING EMPATHIC AND EXPLAINING-----clear;easy to understand language;keep information confidential;ask question private room;do not diagnosis;

 

                                                     DIET AND NUTRITION

                                           DIGESTIVE ORGAN & ALIMENTARY CANAL

PAROTID GLAND---a largest salivary gland in the body,each side of face ,below and in front of the ear

oral cavity(mouth)

sub lingual gland

sub maxillary gland

pharynx

epiglottis(a thin lam ella of yellow elastic cartilage)

esophagus(9")

stomach/liver/pancreas/gall bladder/colon(5' long)/small intestine(20' long,1" diameter )/sigmoid/rectum/cecum(a blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine into which the ileum-opens ,from one side and which is continuous with colon)/appendix(a narrow bind tube 3"-4"extend from cecum,an atrophied terminal part of the cecum

anal canal

                                                     

organs of digested system provide the body with nutrients electrolytes and water. the digest system as known ALIMENTARY CANAL,30 feet in length includes (mouth,pharynx esophagus.stomach,small intestine,large intestine, there are the primary main organs)(teeth tongue salivary gland pancreas liver gallbladder, there are the accessory organs)

ptyalin which helps to change starch into sugar which is the first step in digestion

papillae is the projection ,cone like of the surface of the tongue.the front of the tongue is most sensitive ,it taste sweet salty/ the back and sides of the tongue to sour and bitter the center of the tongue has no taste sensation. the taste directly link to the sense of the smell called olfactory;

tonsils perament masses of lymphatic tissue,located either sides of mouth .

teeth are composed of calcium and phosphorus ,adult has 32 permanent teeth .

peristalsis is the action of the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of he alimentaric move the chyme along the route.

small intestine covered millions of small projections called villi ,its contain network of blood and vessel .portion of the chyme passes through into the blood steam and then directly into cells of the body to be used as fuel .

colon ,large intestine absorbs water.waste are not moved along ,the results is impaction ,this can be avoided by increasing water intake exercise and add bulk in the diet

men 's stomach can hold 2 times of proportion of food.dog has 3 times. cow has 30 times.men do not need stomach that still can live.!!

lung kidney liver heart are 24 hour work.

alcohol will increase stomach juice .protein vegetable can slow down stomach .fatty food trigger duodenum secrete acid. angry stress can increase  acid

                                                       DIET  NUTRITION  DISORDER

essential nutrients are: carbon hydrates;proteins;vitamins;minerals;water;fiber

3 energy  nutrients are :carbon hydrates,fats,proteins

carbinhydrates: co2+h2o+c6h12c8(sugar)+starch ;provide calories,allows proteins to be used ,(all carbonhydrates are changing into glucos before they can be used by the body

 

fats (lipids) found in the body of all animal and plants;calories ,fat solubles vitamin,fatty acid,storage energy,protect vital internal organ,insulates the body from heat or cold;cholesterol is a type of fat,it can build up a fatty plaque in the artery;cholesterol 's functions are :produces as sheath around nerve fiber;produce vitamin D in the presence of the sun light;produces bole acid which aid digested process;   

 

protein : only nutrient that can make new cell and rebuild body tissue;it is composed of chemical compounds called amino acids is found mainly in animal tissue foods(complete protein) or (incomplete protein)legumes nuts seeds;it functions are:build body tissue,helps to maintain all body processes,use as ro supplements for carbon-hydrates and fats

 

vitamin:organic compounds which are essential for all body processes;use an energy provider by carbon-hydrates and fats and minerals;function:access in the regulation in the body process;trigger chemical reactions;allows digestion absorption and metabolism nutrients;speeds up reaction to produce energy in body cells

fat soluble vitamin :A/D/E/K not easily lost in the cooking process,requires fats and minerals to be present in the gastrointestinal tract in order to be absorbed

VA:(retinol) nature sauces(found in green orange yellow vegetable ,fruit,liver,eggs,milk,diary,fish liver oil)function:for healthy skin ,eye;prevent infecting by maintain healthy mucus membrane;promotes healthy bone growth;balance sex hormones; build resistance to cores infection especial respirator tracts deficiency VA cause:night blindness;dry scary skin ;loss of balance ;excessive of VA CAUSE:lost appetites;lost hair called alopecia;dry scary skin;bone pain

VD:(cholecalciforol)VD is necessary for the body to built calcium in the bones;receive VD directly from the sun ,pregnancy women and children are still growing additional VD is needed in diet;dark skin people absorb less VD from the sun then light skin people;sauces of VD:milk diary products,egg york,fish liver oil,sardine,herring,salmon,tuna,(but it contain mercury can damage brain cells),sunlight;functions of VD:regularly the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus; built strong bones and teeth ; aids in producing blood plasma; helps to prevent osteomalacia(soften bone);helps to prevent irregularity ;deficiency of VD:may cause weak in young children;osteomalacia in adults;myopia(neared sight);burning sensation in the mouth and throat;excessive of VD:called hyper calcemia;resulting in muscle spasm called tetany; calcium deposits in the tissue and internal organ

 

VE: maintain the healthy of the RBC ,controls the unsaturated fatty acids in all body tissue,boosts the actions vitamin A became more portent(pregnant woman ,taking birth-control pill,menopausal women need additional VE in their diet),strength and protect reproductive tract and circularatial muscular and nervous system,helps to prevent atherosclerosis and blood clots,aids wound healing,increase fertility;source of VE:wheat germ;vegetable oil; peanuts;grain cereal;eggs; dark green leafy vegetable ;deficiency VE: hemolysis

 

VK:maintain to coagulation blood; source of vitamin K:dark freen leafy vegetable; yorgut; root vegetable; alfalfa;soy beans;saff flower oil; kelp;function of vitamin K:promotes adequate blood clotting;help to prevent colitis; reduces excessive menstrual flow; help relieve pain;deficiency vitamin K may cause by over use of antibiotics medication

 

 cholesterol should be limited to 300mg daily;carbohydrates can affect blood sugar levels ;protein should be limited to 10%~20%of daily(as diabetes-related kedney disease may recommend a lower-protein diet)fat should be limited to 30% daily calories(saturated fat should be limited to less than 10%of daily calories)

water soluble vitamin
VB complex and VC(c6h8o6,also called corbic acid) ,must be replaced daily(may as loss of body fluid daily on our body)they are lost often cooking process;
VB(vitamin m;folic acid)B1(thiamine)B2(riboflavin)B3(vitamin pp;niacin)B4(pantothenic acid)B6(pyridoxine)B12(cyanocobalamin)B17(laetrile)BT(carnitine)

source of vitamin B:wheat;bran;vegetable;oat meal; meat;fish;poultry;liver;egg york yeast;salt water fish
nutrientional of vitamin B:maintaining nervous function ;helps to prevent anemia;promotes healthy skin and mucus membrane;aids digestion ;improves balance;improve concentraction and memory;strength vitamin(thinking?vitamin related directly to the lower brain function and spine cord from food chain's angle that human eat soil product and sea creature as major vital supply)

vitamin C required by the body to produce collegens which was substance bonds cells together;oerserve healthy connective tissue(tendon and cartilage);helps the body absorption(thinking?as a net or filter of the body it can put us together to work ;a shelf;a frame work )

source of vitamin C:citrus fruit ;green leafy vegetable ;brocolli;cauliflower; potatoes; cantaloupe;berries;
nutrientional function of vitamin C :mild diuritic; promotes healthy gums;helps to prevent common cold ;increase resistance  of infection ; promotes wound healing ; help guard anemia

minerals
are found in all body tissues.no provide energy by themself,but as role of regulator it can contribute toward production of energy in the body .it can be found in water and nature unprocess of fruits ;

major(macro): calcium/phosphorus/magnesium/sodium/potassium/chlorine/sulfur
trace(micro): iron/copper/magianese/zinc/fluorine/cobalt/chromium/molubolenum/selenium/iodine

 

 

Calcium & PHOSPHORUS: healthy teeth and bones.calcium to maintain the moormal cloting action  of the blood ;normal functioning of the heart nerve and muscle (vitamin D is required in the small intestine ,so the calcium can be absorbed.)

                                  source of calcium:milk ;dairy,sou beans,dried beans,salmon,saddines.

                                  source of phosphorus: fish ,poultry,eggs

dodium&potassium & chlorine: essencial for nornal osmosis(hydro-balance of the cell);control the fluid balance in the body.(inefficiency may cause dehydration leading to heart failure& death.excessive sodium in diet cause hypertension;

                                  source of sodium: dea salt,shell fish,carrits,beets,dried beef
                                  source of potassium:fruits,green leafy vegetables,sun flower eeds,bananas,tomatoes,potato

                                  source of chlorine: sea salt,olives,seed weed.

Magnesium: normal metabolism ;maintain healthy body tissue

                                  source of magnesium: green leafy vegetable,yellow corn,fruits,apples &dried fruits

Sulfur: build healthy hair and nails

                                  source o fsulfur:beef ,fish,dried beans,eggs,cabbage.

Iron &copper: healthy RBC(pregnant and menstrating and any one consults a large amount of caffine at daily basis)

                                  source of iron:red meat,organ meat,kidney,liver,heart,brain,egg york,clams,ouster,nuts,beans,oat meal

                                  source of copper Lwhole wheat,dry beans,shrimp,liver,prune,peas.

Iodine: normal functioning of thyroid gland( thyroid gland id responsible metabolic rate)

                                  source of iodine : seafood,kelp,vegetable salty soil